tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9877343335514784202023-11-16T14:25:01.030+11:00Oaktree Anglican Vicar's BlogThis blog has been discontinued. Its posts are gradually being moved to
<a href="https://markdurie.com/faith-worldview-blog/">markdurie.com</a>Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.comBlogger104125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-28801308641557844572018-12-05T23:52:00.002+11:002019-02-22T08:17:46.062+11:00Religion and Anti-Discrimination Laws: What's It all About?This blog post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/religion-and-anti-discrimmination-laws/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-12469574281703366582018-03-24T10:14:00.001+11:002019-02-22T08:33:17.387+11:00Who are We?This blog post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/who-are-we/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-17696265187717448382018-02-09T08:42:00.000+11:002019-02-22T08:32:36.106+11:00A letter from PatriciaThis blog post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/a-letter-from-patricia/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-81021637410977850462018-02-07T14:09:00.001+11:002019-02-23T10:05:34.118+11:00Theology and Church ViabilityThis blog post has moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/theology-and-church-viability/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-62902049336866840932017-12-22T08:07:00.002+11:002019-02-23T10:20:45.787+11:00When the Church Loses its WayThis blog post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/when-the-church-loses-its-way/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-52414020788576313772017-11-18T08:55:00.000+11:002019-03-02T22:08:53.427+11:00After the SSM Party is Over: Troubles and Opportunities AheadThis blog post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/after-the-ssm-party-is-over-troubles-and-opportunities-ahead/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-57559277195103416052017-09-29T09:53:00.002+10:002019-03-03T19:36:11.141+11:00Three more thoughts on the Australian Marriage DebateThis blog post has been moved. You may read it <a href="https://markdurie.com/three-more-thoughts-on-the-marriage-debate/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-85995224815463452022017-09-14T16:25:00.005+10:002019-03-03T19:43:55.835+11:00Notes on Same-Sex Marriage and the "Plebiscite" (Survey Vote)This blog post has been moved. You can read the post <a href="https://markdurie.com/notes-on-same-sex-marriage-and-the-plebiscite-survey-vote/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-62330797752914144322017-08-23T13:52:00.003+10:002019-03-04T07:14:45.105+11:00More on the Marriage PlebisciteThis blog post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/more-on-the-marriage-plebiscite/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-81297965161512431072017-08-12T21:58:00.004+10:002019-03-04T07:21:59.115+11:00The Postal Vote and MarriageThis blog post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/the-postal-vote-and-marriage/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-50682917202503673462017-07-29T08:51:00.004+10:002019-03-07T14:09:18.876+11:00Chinese Whispers: More on Julia Baird on Christianity and Domestic AbuseThis blog post has been moved. You can read it <a href="https://markdurie.com/chinese-whispers%E2%80%A6d-domestic-abuse/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-23675351663717802722017-07-27T10:13:00.000+10:002019-03-07T14:56:31.514+11:00Transformed Marriages - On Ephesians 5: 21-23<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4yAZyj47FMqDE5Xetnp6uhaFSAS5jwVL3hymO9D42QUluClhCJb81g__YxGYJaiZGTaa8oZbeRz1_ySoCbQ9CrJmJrX3mMjmv3EThBfyVuUgQFZCfbajQmSR4lbbrZfzJGnkVYn-hFR4/s1600/Transformed+Marriages.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="480" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4yAZyj47FMqDE5Xetnp6uhaFSAS5jwVL3hymO9D42QUluClhCJb81g__YxGYJaiZGTaa8oZbeRz1_ySoCbQ9CrJmJrX3mMjmv3EThBfyVuUgQFZCfbajQmSR4lbbrZfzJGnkVYn-hFR4/s320/Transformed+Marriages.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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This Blog Post has moved. Read it <a href="https://markdurie.com/transformed-marriages-on-ephesians-5-21-23/">HERE</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNPOvQJCuAOt20q8KYlbNt9cvdl7OHjR3VYl8pwwblpGyj0EKTE8DLqii4p98nLdulyr-vbnBt1N0lDxTdkxO-O7XG8-KPuCJwzx-m5TfgZo8F_AWoMZTUpF8_ZRna6as79Cq1ATygbg/s1600/Kristen+Stewart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="396" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibNPOvQJCuAOt20q8KYlbNt9cvdl7OHjR3VYl8pwwblpGyj0EKTE8DLqii4p98nLdulyr-vbnBt1N0lDxTdkxO-O7XG8-KPuCJwzx-m5TfgZo8F_AWoMZTUpF8_ZRna6as79Cq1ATygbg/s400/Kristen+Stewart.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Kristen Stewart</i></td></tr>
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<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-43686472376447130922017-07-27T09:36:00.003+10:002019-03-09T09:52:06.196+11:00Julia Baird on Christianity and Domestic AbuseThis blog post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/julia-baird-on-christianity-and-domestic-abuse/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-62765845006444922412016-11-13T18:12:00.000+11:002016-11-13T21:03:13.214+11:00Trump thoughts — Whither America?I don't usually write about general political issues. That's way out of my pay grade. But Trump has done the inconceivable, and put his celebrity to use to grasp the presidency of the United States of America. What lies ahead?<br />
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To say that I'm not too keen on Trump's character would be an understatement. I don't like Trump. It really troubles me that he might use the incredible power of his office to persecute opponents He seems to sincerely believe that winning is sufficient moral validation in itself for just about anything. I'm hoping for America's sake that winning the prize of high office may moderate Trump. But it could well go the other way.<br />
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Will Trump be a disaster for America? That I don't know. God works in unexpected ways. Some things surely won't be pretty. Much depends on the kind of team he puts together, and how well he can work with them, and with Congress. Is Trump up to this demanding task? Time will tell.<br />
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Fact is, I agree with some of Trump's policies. One example: he wants the US to stop funding so-called moderate Syrian jihadi groups known as 'rebels'. That's a good policy. Why should the US be fighting a proxy war against Russia using radical jihadi groups as its agents in what is essentially a sectarian Islamic war? In this the Obama administration has been both foolish and culpable.<br />
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One <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2016/11/10/im-a-muslim-a-woman-and-an-immigrant-i-voted-for-trump/">Muslim woman, Asra Nomani,</a> realized she couldn't vote for Hilary when she found out that the Clintons were accepting donations from the Saudis and Qatar, while they actually knew that these donors were also funding ISIS and other radical jihadi groups. It is gross to take money from groups who fund genocide. In my book that's up there with making horribly disgusting comments about women. <br />
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But I digress. Back to Trump.<br />
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My hat goes off to "deplorable-and-proud" David Goldman for predicting that Trump was going to win (see his <a href="http://atimes.com/2016/09/deplorably-trump-is-going-to-win/"><i>Deplorably, Trump is going to win</i></a>). Writing on September 11, Goldman said 'The presidential election was over the moment the word “deplorable” made its run out of Hillary Clinton’s unguarded mouth.' Hilary had told a Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender fundraiser that 'half of Trump's supporters' belong in a 'basket of deplorables'. If you are going to toss 25% of the electorate into a basket of discards you needn't expect to get elected, no matter how much money you get to spend on the effort.<br />
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The post-event news commentaries have been entertaining. I've also been following the street protests . (I had the opportunity to plan to be in DC on 20 January 2017 for the inauguration, but instead I've chosen to be in Colorado, on the other side of the country. I sense that on the streets of DC things won't be going too peacefully around that time.) <br />
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Some of the protestors seem completely disconnected from the real world. I viewed a group of Latino students in New York chanting "The People, United, Will Never be Defeated" outside Trump Tower. (This is a translation of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_pueblo_unido_jam%C3%A1s_ser%C3%A1_vencido">Spanish slogan</a><i> </i>from a movement which saw Marxist Salvador Allende elected as president of Chile in 1970.) Of course the people of America are <b>NOT</b> united, and these students' cause had just been soundly defeated. Another irony is that it was the rural workers who voted Trump into office. It was 'the people' who won the election. The highly educated monied elites, the city dwellers of America, who voted for Hilary Clinton in droves, and donated more than a billion dollars to her campaign, don't have a better right to be considered 'the people' than the rural workers of the manufacturing states who switched their votes away from the Democrats. The irony seemed lost on the protestors, who were on auto-pilot. (And see my response below in response to 'Anonymous' re voting and income levels.) <br />
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Many have been warning about Trump's destructive march through the Republican party. Instead it seems it is the Democrats who are in trouble. Alienated from their traditional working class base, they have become the party of identity politics and IT millionaires. How will they regroup? <br />
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And what impact will Trump have on the 'workers' of Washingon DC? Or they on him? It is a startling fact that of every 25 DC voters, 23 went for Clinton and only one for Trump. Most people in DC don't know anyone who voted for Trump. The next worst result for Trump was Hawaii, where he at least managed to win a third of of the vote. How can the whole District of Columbia deplore Trump so many more times than any other region in the US, even allowing for the significant proportion of black voters in DC? I'm guessing those who live inside the Beltway are not expecting beer and skittles under a Trump administration. It also seems that of all those in the US who have been out of touch with the movement that delivered Trump the presidency, the residents of Washington DC must be the most out of touch of all. <br />
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America has just gone over one colossal speed bump. We can be sure that many more bumps and reality checks lie ahead. Whither America? Only time will tell. <br />
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<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-53460434049513438482015-06-26T18:54:00.002+10:002015-06-26T18:55:30.359+10:00Shoeless Katie<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEzy2Ow6zjY9yR3WPLWWT5mni-fgR4K4HHpZ3w1op21NgWIRg9oWbfx-RWxvvEU57ibdqIZS04bwolKDlqyIcAFWZwuFMWmG-Wz9bSciAb0dGV4WZyl_yxX_Y784kN2E3ZetKKkQHtw4U/s1600/IMG_0056.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEzy2Ow6zjY9yR3WPLWWT5mni-fgR4K4HHpZ3w1op21NgWIRg9oWbfx-RWxvvEU57ibdqIZS04bwolKDlqyIcAFWZwuFMWmG-Wz9bSciAb0dGV4WZyl_yxX_Y784kN2E3ZetKKkQHtw4U/s400/IMG_0056.jpg" title="Katie Boom with Alan VInk" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Katie Boom with Alan Vink in Wellington</i></td></tr>
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While in New Zealand traveling with Alan Vink of Willow Creek New Zealand I had the great pleasure to meet Katie Boom, who has been going shoeless for more than two years, raising awareness and funds to help kids get to school in Cambodia.<br />
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Her blog is shoelesskatie.com<br />
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Katie's an amazing person going shoeless in "chully" New Zealand with a heart for the most vulnerable.<br />
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She says that with such complex problems in the world "We need all types!" So true. <br />
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If you can support Katie's cause – go for it! <br />
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<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-67558516860681114832015-06-08T09:03:00.000+10:002019-03-09T10:25:09.561+11:00Philip Adams on Violence in Mad MaxThis blog post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/philip-adams-on-violence-in-mad-max/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-58297141465465686692014-11-22T09:41:00.001+11:002021-12-11T09:10:05.412+11:00Mark Durie on The Coming Victorian Elections (2014)This post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/how-labors-religious-schools-policy-will-hurt-christian-schools-and-organisations-2/">here</a>.<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-66502008769044159212014-08-26T20:00:00.004+10:002019-03-10T12:07:09.801+11:00Supporting Families Today - why marriage and family mattersThis Blog Post has been moved. You can read it <a href="https://markdurie.com/supporting-family-today-why-marriage-and-family-matters/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-17845197995937753022014-04-17T09:35:00.002+10:002019-03-17T09:13:51.779+11:00Theo Hobson on "Atheism's Empthy Tomb" or "The return of God: atheism's crisis of faith"This Blog Post has been moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/theo-hobson-on-atheisms-empthy-tomb-or-the-return-of-god-atheisms-crisis-of-faith/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-68755109437602983642014-01-05T07:47:00.003+11:002019-03-17T09:05:34.088+11:00The Abolition of Slavery and the Truth of HistoryThis Blog Post has moved. It can be read <a href="https://markdurie.com/the-abolition-of-slavery-and-the-truth-of-history/">HERE</a>.Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-68805125058463288862013-12-12T11:16:00.001+11:002021-12-11T09:34:32.408+11:00Lowering age of consent would harm anti-trafficking effortsThis post has been moved. It can be found <a href="https://markdurie.com/lowering-age-of-consent-would-harm-anti-trafficking-efforts/">here</a>.<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-20731868203002971732013-09-04T13:51:00.002+10:002013-09-04T15:06:55.015+10:00Kevin Rudd on Slavery, Same-Sex Marriage and Biblical LiteracyThis week Prime Minister Kevin Rudd used a confused argument about the Bible to defend his position on same-sex marriage.<br />
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When he was Australian Attorney General, Philip Ruddock was in the habit of citing a verse from 1 Peter to claim that the New Testament can be used to justify slavery: <br />
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Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters with all respect, not only to those who are good and considerate, but also to those who are harsh. (1 Peter 2:18)</blockquote>
Ruddock used to do this to downplay concerns about the influence of the Quran on Australian society. His argument was that the Bible would appear to endorse slavery, but modern Christians do not endorse it, so it is wrong to assume, just because some of the verses of the Quran appear to advocate some bad principles, that Muslims will necessarily seek to put these principles into practice.<br />
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This week the Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd also invoked the Bible and slavery, arguing that if someone was to object to same-sex marriage based upon the Bible, they would also have to endorse slavery, based on the Bible. The comment was made in an interchange with Pastor Matt Prater:<br />
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Pastor Prater: <i>I think the thing is that every pastor, we do marriages between husbands and wives, and you know Jesus said a man shall leave his father and mother and be married, and that's the Biblical definition. I just believe in what the Bible says. I'm just curious for you, Kevin, if you call yourself a Christian, why don't you believe the words of Jesus in the Bible?</i><br />
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Prime Minister Rudd: <i>Well mate if I was going to have that view, the Bible also says that slavery is a natural condition. Because St Paul said in the New Testament, slaves be obedient to your masters. And therefore we should have all fought for the confederacy in the US Civil War. I mean for goodness sake. The human condition and social conditions change. </i></blockquote>
Rudd also put his position that science has proven that people are born gay:<br />
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<i>I do not believe people when they are born choose their sexuality. They are gay if they are born gay. You don't decide at some later stage in life to be one thing or the other. It is how people are built. Therefore, the idea that this is somehow an abnormal condition is wrong. I don't get that. I think it is a completely ill-founded view. ... if you think </i><br />
<i>homosexuality is an unnatural condition, then frankly I cannot agree with you based on any element of the science.</i></blockquote>
Rudd appears to misrepresent the findings of science when he says that people are 'born gay', for the evidence goes all the other way. There are no studies proving that sexual orientation is already determined at birth: quite the contrary. In <a href="http://stmarysvicar.blogspot.com/2013/06/four-research-issues-relating-to-same.html#more">an earlier blog post I wrote</a>: <br />
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Research has shown that sexual orientation is fluid and changeable, especially in adolescence. It is correlated with a complex mix of factors including psychological and environmental factors. <a href="http://theaquilareport.com/identical-twins-studies-prove-homosexuality-is-not-genetic/#.Ua3isvyzZ6E.twitter">Multiple studies of twins</a> (see also references <a href="http://www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statements/parenting-issues/empowering-parents-of-gender-discordant-and-same-sex-attacted-children">here</a>) have shown that if one twin is same-sex attracted, on average the other twin is not. </blockquote>
There are many scientific questions surrounding same-sex marriage which are unclear and deserve further investigation, but the notion that people are born gay is not one of them.<br />
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However my main concern here is Rudd's argument that if you oppose same-sex marriage based on Jesus' teaching about marriage, you must, to be consistent, also support slavery, because St Paul supported slavery. Nothing could be further from the truth.<br />
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First, there has been a long history of Christian debates over whether the Bible supports or opposes slavery. Christians have argued both sides, and neither side interpreted the Bible in a literal way.<br />
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Given the well-known history of these debates, it is naive to assert that taking the Bible at face value compels anyone to be a supporter of slavery.<br />
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Second, it is an irony that Rudd appears to be critiquing a literal approach to interpreting the Bible, yet he does this by first reading something into the text and then turning this around and insisting that literalists must accept his non-literal reading. This is a straw man indeed. In reality the Bible nowhere says that slavery is a natural condition.<br />
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Third, Rudd is reading things into the New Testament in a way which tramples on basic principles of interpretation. He was apparently referring to Ephesians 6 (rather than Ruddock's favoured 1 Peter 2) as this is the passage which speaks of slaves being <i>obedient</i> to masters:<br />
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Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. 6 Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. 7 Serve wholeheartedly, as if you were serving the Lord, not people, 8 because you know that the Lord will reward each one for whatever good they do, whether they are slave or free. 9 And masters, treat your slaves in the same way. Do not threaten them, since you know that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him. (Ephesians 6:5-9)</blockquote>
Note that Paul instructs slave-owners to serve their slaves 'in the same way' (verse 9) as slaves are to serve their master. He is saying that Christian slaves and masters should treat one another as if serving God himself. The point is that all people will be judged for the spirit in which they relate one to another: whatever their status in life, the same rules apply to all Christians. <br />
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This is hardly an endorsement of slavery as something natural. Paul is not discussing whether slavery is good, but what principles should govern relationships between Christians.<br />
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More generally, when St Paul and Jesus teach Christians to act ethically in relationships that is not an endorsement of the rightness of the particular relationship. For example when Jesus commands his followers to 'love your enemies' or 'do good to those who hate you' (Luke 6:27), he is not saying that enmity and hatred are natural conditions.<br />
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Fourth, where Paul does discuss the ethical status of slavery, he is highly critical of it. Slave-traders are referred to, along with murderers, adulterers, perjurers, perverts and liars, as ‘lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and sinful, the unholy and irreligious’, whose manner of life is ‘contrary to the sound doctrine that conforms to the glorious gospel’. (1 Timothy 1:9-11).<br />
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It is disappointing that a Christian leader of considerable intellectual gifts would misuse the Bible like this: it's a poor way to bash the Bible.<br />
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<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-80466213982225952462013-06-11T00:43:00.003+10:002013-06-11T22:30:32.917+10:00Four Research Issues Relating to Same-Sex Marriage<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">This post gives an overview of
what I have been able to learn about research studies about issues which affect the
same-sex marriage debate. I have a table below which summarizes claims and findings about four key empirical questions relevant to the same-sex marriage debate.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Research into issues affecting
LGBTI communities is notoriously difficult: sampling can be difficult due
to the small size of the community. Also there are issues of bias surrounding the
political nature of the questions being investigated and
researcher bias may distort the results, sometimes through poor research design.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">In the US, there are opposing
groups with quite opposite views on same-sex relationships (e.g. the American
College of Pediatricians vs. <span class="GramE">The American</span>
Academy of Pediatrics). Each cites different research, and dismisses the other side's evidence and arguments.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">As an example of the disputed nature of this research, a <a href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1650249/Gay-parents-no-disadvantage">report</a> soon to be released in Australia reports that children in
same-sex couple households do better than in heterosexual couple
households. However this research has been criticized for being based solely upon parent questionnaires, not independent investigation of outcomes for
children, and also for the method by which same-sex couples were recruited for
the research. See a preliminary <a href="http://www.fava.org.au/news/2013/new-gay-parenting-study-queried/">critique
published by FamilyVoice</a> and <a href="http://www.acl.org.au/2013/06/mr-too-early-to-draw-conclusions-with-same-sex-parenting-study-acl/?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Too%20early%20to%20draw%20conclusions%20with%20same-sex%20parenting%20study%20ACL%20urges%20WA%20prostitution%20reform%20and%20more%20in%20this%20weeks%20ENEWs&utm_content=Too%20early%20to%20draw%20conclusions%20with%20same-sex%20parenting%20study%20ACL%20urges%20WA%20prostitution%20reform%20and%20more%20in%20this%20weeks%20ENEWs+CID_90886e17f9c2eb5b3acf0127d7f5a614&utm_source=Crea">another
by the ACL</a>. The chief researcher is in a gay relationship, raising
two children.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">By way of comparison to this research, which reports – unsurprisingly – that according to same-sex parents their children are doing just fine, readers may like to look over <a href="http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2012/08/6065/" target="_blank">this first person account</a> by Robert Oscar Lopez, who objects to the silencing of 'problematic' testimony of adult children raised by gay and lesbian couples. (He himself was raised by a mother in a lesbian relationship.) Lopez comments on the research of Mark Regnerus, who interviewed 248 adult children of parents with same-sex romantic relationships:</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">"I thank Mark Regnerus. Far from being “bullshit,” his work is affirming to me, because it acknowledges what the gay activist movement has sought laboriously to erase, or at least ignore. Whether homosexuality is chosen or inbred, whether gay marriage gets legalized or not, being strange is hard; it takes a mental toll, makes it harder to find friends, interferes with professional growth, and sometimes leads one down a sodden path to self-medication in the form of alcoholism, drugs, gambling, antisocial behavior, and irresponsible sex. The children of same-sex couples have a tough road ahead of them—I know, because I have been there. The last thing we should do is make them feel guilty if the strain gets to them and they feel strange. We owe them, at the least, a dose of honesty. Thank you, Mark Regnerus, for taking the time to listen."</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">In considering research findings, it is important to realize that the media often will support one side uncritically in this debate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">Some important studies whose findings
were at first accepted have later been challenged on the basis of their
methodology. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">There can also be a tendency for researchers to mount <i>ad
hominem</i> attacks on originators of work they do not accept for ideological
reasons.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: small;">It is also worth noting that there are conflicted ideological motivations which can pull biased research into same-sex disadvantage in opposite directions. For example some researchers have argued that gay and lesbian couples have higher disposable incomes – thus increasing their economic leverage. However this finding conflicts with the tendency to emphasize Gay and Lesbian disadvantage, and some researchers have found that same-sex couples suffer from financial disadvantage. Either way the findings end up being political. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The table below been
drawn from a wide range of published research. It does not pretend to be
exhaustive or even authoritative: it merely alerts the reader to some
of the issues around this subject and to the opinion which I have reached about the state of research.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td style="padding: 0in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td><td style="padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times;">ISSUE</span></b></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times;">FINDINGS</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times;">OTHER PERSPECTIVES</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times;">CONCLUSION</span></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Do
same-sex attracted people suffer health or other disadvantages?</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Studies
have reported:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> homelessness rates</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> risk for STD’s</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> rates of psychiatric illness (depression, anxiety
and mood disorders)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> suicide attempt rates </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> substance use (alcohol, tobacco, intravenous drug
use</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> rates of diseases associated with substance abuse
(e.g. Hep C)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> school drop out rates</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">fear</span> of harm is often reported</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">victims</span> of hate crime</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">higher</span> numbers of sexual partners</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">same</span>-sex monogamy is less frequent</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">shorter</span> life span (for men)</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">- <span class="GramE">bisexuals’</span> mental health tends to be poorer than either
gays or lesbians.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">-
Lesbian women earn more and tend to be more represented in higher paid
male-dominated workplaces.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">-Gay
men earn less and are more represented in lower-paid workplaces where women
predominate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">-Gay
or lesbian couples are more likely to be highly educated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">-Some
studies have shown greater rates of poverty for same-sex couples with
children, especially gay couples (see <a href="http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies/new-patterns-of-poverty-in-the-lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-community/">here</a>)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Gay
and Lesbian people do experience many kinds of disadvantage. .</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Is
heterosexist discrimination the underlying cause for this disadvantage? Or
are there other reasons?</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Scientific
studies have not proven that disadvantages are due to discrimination. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Some
poorer health outcomes can be linked to sexual history. E.g. lesbian
women are more likely than heterosexual women to have had larger numbers of
male partners, as well as more male partners with </span><span class="GramE" style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times;">compromised</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;"> health (e.g. HIV</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">).</span><br />
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">The
jury is still out. Other factors apart from discrimination are also
implicated.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Do
children raised in same-sex couple households suffer disadvantage?</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Many
studies have found that children raised in same-sex households suffer no
disadvantage. These studies have been accepted by leading leading
professional societies, such as the APA. However two major recent
studies (by <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000580">Marks</a>
and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000610">Regnerus</a>)
have cast doubt on these findings.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Marks
criticized earlier studies as 'advocacy research', with inadequate sampling,
poor or no controls, and heavy reliance on self-reporting.<br />
Regnerus' New Families Structures Studies found that children who have a
same-sex attracted parent suffer multiple disadvantages.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">This
remains a hotly disputed and highly political issue.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Is
people’s sexual prientation already pre-determined at birth: in other words
are people born lesbian, gay (or bisexual)?</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 192pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Many
studies have found that somewhere between 1% and 3% of western nations'
populations identify as having a gay, lesbian or bisexual orientation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">There
are no studies proving that sexual orientation is already determined at
birth. </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in; width: 206pt;" valign="top" width="206"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Research
has shown that sexual orientation is fluid and changeable, especially in
adolescence. It is correlated with a complex mix of factors including
psychological and environmental factors. <a href="http://theaquilareport.com/identical-twins-studies-prove-homosexuality-is-not-genetic/#.Ua3isvyzZ6E.twitter">Multiple
studies of twins</a> (see also references <a href="http://www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statements/parenting-issues/empowering-parents-of-gender-discordant-and-same-sex-attacted-children">here</a>)
have shown that if one twin is same-sex attracted, on average the other twin
is not.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">Gays
and Lesbians are not ‘born that way’: any genetic contribution to same-sex
attraction is minimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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</tr>
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<td style="border: medium none;" width="206"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td style="border: medium none;" width="144"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-29996332298766513712013-06-07T23:26:00.002+10:002017-09-14T13:49:13.236+10:00Queering MarriageThe current push for same-sex marriage is but a staging post in a deeper and longer-term campaign being waged against <i>heteronormativity</i> and <i>heterosexism</i>. Heteronormativity is the assumption that heterosexuality is the norm and <i>heterosexism</i> is the resulting bias in favour of opposite sex relationships.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Before we explore implications of the concepts of heteronomativity and heterosexism, we can note that according to most researchers something between 1% to 3% of national populations in the West identify as gay or bisexual. In the 2010 United States census there were .6 million same-sex partner households, 6.2 million unmarried heterosexual couple households, and 60 million heterosexual married couple households (see <a href="http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff18.htm" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/us/statistics/families-type-race-origin-2010.html" target="_blank">here</a>). The percentage of same-sex couple households in the USA is thus less than 1% of the total number of couples.<br />
<br />
In statistics, what is ‘normal’ is measured in terms of standard deviations from a mean. In a population with a normal distribution, one standard deviation from a mean will encompass 68.3% of a population, and two standard deviations 95.45% of a population. Statistically it is indeed ‘normal’ for couples to be heterosexual. The question is whether governments will permit it to be ‘normative’.<br />
<br />
The entrenched dominance of hetero culture presents many challenges for same-sex attracted people. Culture evolves in a way which panders to and reinforces the mainstream, so social structures tend to be designed to serve the needs of the many and not the few. Above all the institutions called ‘the family’ and ‘marriage’ are optimised to serve the purposes of heterosexual couples and the biological children raised by them, as well as perpetuation of heteronormative society as a whole.<br />
<br />
Queer theorists have long argued that the traditional concept of the family as a husband and wife raising their biological children — the so-called <i>nuclear family</i> – is inherently heterosexist and heteronormative, and as such it oppresses non-hetero people. They argue that heteronormative expectations which are part of the idea of a nuclear family marginalize and treat as ‘deviant’ alternative forms of sexuality and gender. The heterosexual bias of the majority interferes with the ‘self-expression’ of same-sex attracted people. <br />
<br />
The theorists are not wrong. Undoubtedly the concept of the nuclear family – with marriage as its central pillar – embodies and perpetuates a set of expectations of what a ‘normal’ family looks like, namely a mother, a father and their kids, and this nuclear family is linked up to other families to form chains of interlocking relational communities known as ‘extended families’.<br />
<br />
The norms of the nuclear family continue to have great social momentum and prestige, recent social changes notwithstanding. These norms are embedded in linguistic structures. Take, for example, the terms ‘brother’ and ‘sister’. The normal understanding of ‘brother’ is a male who shares both parents with another. If someone only shares one parent, the ‘marked’ or unusual character of this situation is manifested by the prefix <i>step</i> attached to the kinship term, hence ‘<i>step</i>brother’ and ‘<i>step</i>sister’. Coding the case where only one parent is shared with an additional prefix — <i>step</i> — signals that the ‘blended’ arrangements fall outside the norm. In this way the linguistic structures communicate that the nuclear family is ‘normal’, and the <i>step</i>family is unusual, requiring a special mark to distinguish it.<br />
<br />
I can clearly recall the first time my heternormative linguistic practices were challenged. Twenty years ago I was attending a Christmas party put on by the Vice-Chancellor at Melbourne University for senior staff and was introducing Debby to others as ‘my wife’ when a gay colleague gently corrected me, saying ‘your partner’. It was apparently no longer correct for me to have a wife: I was now supposed to speak of her as my partner.<br />
<br />
There are a whole range of cultural structures such as a man referring to his ‘wife’ which entrench marriage and the nuclear family as the norm. Bishop Gene Robinson, who recently visited Australia, was reported to have found it offensive and excluding, when flying into Australia with his partner of many years, that they had to fill in two separate arrival cards, whereas a young couple married just a few days previously could submit one card, signifying that they were officially accepted as a single family.<br />
<br />
Of course, in a statistical sense, nuclear families <b>are</b> normal in that they are statistically dominant. Also their natural function of reproducing which ensures the continuation of nations, communities and family relationships is one of the core functions of human society. The key question is, does the resulting disadvantage experienced by same-sex attracted people justify redefining what is normal about marriage? Would society lose more than same-sex attracted people gain by such a change?<br />
<br />
The push for marriage equality is in the first place not coming from the 98%. It is coming from the LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex) community. To understand this movement it is well worth paying attention to the ideological issues it raises for LGBTI people<br />
<br />
Same-sex activists have proposed three main positions on the question of marriage and the nuclear family.<br />
<br />
One is that of Bishop Gene Robinson, who is himself in a long-standing monogamous gay relationship, that marriage is something admirable and to be aspired to by same-sex attracted people. Robinson believes that same-sex marriage will <a href="http://m.samesame.com.au/news/local/9812/Gene-Robinson-vs-Fred-Nile-for-QA.htm" target="_blank">reduce psychological pressures on young people</a> and stop them ‘jumping off bridges’:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“There is no overstating what a difference that can make to the 15-year-old who is going to hang himself because of all the negative things he has been hearing about being homosexual … I’m not talking about urban kids in the elite areas of Sydney or Melbourne, but someone in a tiny town far, far away from the city who feels isolated and hopeless. It’s about giving kids the hope that one day, like everyone else, they can be happy, get married and have a family, whether it’s two mothers, two fathers. The progress towards gay marriage is inevitable and time is important, otherwise we have young people jumping off bridges.”</blockquote>
An opposing view, <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/3698436.html" target="_blank">expressed by Victoria University sociologist Meagan Tyler</a>, is that it is in everyone’s best interests if marriage itself was done away with: “Opting out of marriage altogether will provide a quicker path to progress, as only the death of marriage can bring about the dawn of equality for all.” Tyler deplores the ‘valorisation’ of marriage by marriage equality advocates, and the partnering of heterosexists and gay activists to hold up marriage as an admired institution to be extended to all: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“These warped debates have created unusual bedfellows. The institution of marriage, which feminists and gay rights activists alike derided and decried in the 1970s, is now being held up as the epitome of love and all that is right with the world. Libertarians, who would normally baulk at any state intervention in private matters, are busy talking about the right of individuals to invite the state into their most intimate affairs.”</blockquote>
While Tyler’s main objection to marriage is the feminist critique that it entrenches the patriarchal abuse of women, some LGBTI people reject the idea of a ‘homonormative’ marriage as an ideal to be imposed as a new norm upon same-sex attracted people. Bishop Robinson may hope same-sex marriage will safe-guard the mental health of young people, but gay activist Ryan Conrad, author of <i>Against Equality: don’t ask to fight their wars</i>, <a href="http://www.xtra.ca/public/National/Not_the_marrying_kind-11365.aspx" target="_blank">is concerned about the psychological damage</a> which could be done to young LGBTI people ‘coerced to marry to access basic rights’:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“None of us has a problem with domesticity or even monogamy. … We just don’t think people who want that kind of life should benefit from special rights administered by the state while those of us who don’t want to marry, for whatever reason, are being coerced to marry to access basic rights and legal protections that all people should have. I also worry that the overwhelming media representations of gay identity and politics in which everyone is being shown as desperate to wed is really going to warp the minds of queer and trans youth. I was lucky growing up because I was never expected to get gay married and I had the freedom to develop into the kind of person I am because I wasn’t being inundated with fanatical homo-flavoured family-values rhetoric that situates marriage as the ultimate goal and the only good way to have a healthy gay relationship.” </blockquote>
Conrad laments “Why should we be retrofitting our erotic and emotional lives to fit within the confines and shackles of the hetero world?”<br />
<br />
In a similar vein, Melbourne writer David Vakalis, who describes himself as ‘queer’ and a ‘former gay marriage activist’, <a href="http://www.arena.org.au/2012/01/marriage-rights/" target="_blank">decries the ‘envy’-driven politics of the marriage equality movement</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“One of the most persuasive arguments for gay
marriage is the demand for equality. This has very little to do with the
righteous claim of ‘equality for all’. Rather, I propose that a
significant part of the campaign for gay marriage comes from an
embarrassing place: envy. Understandably, it is also comes from
anxieties in those who are in relationships—particularly those of older
generations—in matters relating to health, adoption and the division of
property. However, if the gay marriage campaign was really about
equality then it would be consistent and demand that people in
polygamous relationships be permitted to marry also. It should be
admitted that this is about politics, not what is right or just.” …</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
“Their demand for gay marriage is anything but radical or progressive, but rather conservative: it is about politics and conformity. It relies on the presumption that marriage is virtuous: a standard to which we all should aspire, a respectable status symbol and thus a desirable thing. The real question that should be debated is not whether gay marriage should be allowed, but rather, is marriage really something we need anymore?”</blockquote>
A third strategy is to push for marriage equality as a staging post along the path to the ultimate destruction of marriage itself. This was <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michelangelo-signorile/how-we-got-to-the-supreme_b_2947931.html" target="_blank">hypothetically put forward by activist Michelangelo Signorile as a strategy</a> in 1994:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“A middle ground might be to fight for same-sex marriage and its benefits and then, once granted, redefine the institution of marriage completely, to demand the right to marry not as a way of adhering to society's moral codes but rather to ... radically alter an archaic institution. [Legalizing “same-sex marriage”] is also a chance to wholly transform the definition of family in American culture. It is the final tool with which to dismantle all sodomy statutes, get education about homosexuality and AIDS into public schools, and, in short, usher in a sea change in how society views and treats us.”</blockquote>
I agree with Vakalis’ critique of the marriage equality movement, and believe that in effect the function of this change will be to give momentum to the third strategy of undermining marriage itself. The pressure to denormalise hetero characteristics of marriage and the family will continue unabated, and will only be empowered by a move to redefine marriage.<br />
<br />
Marriage equality advocates insist that love is what marriage is all about, and that is all it is about. However the key question to be asked around the marriage equality campaign is not whether same-sex love is equal, but rather, what is the nature and purpose of marriage, why is it so valuable to society that the state should legislate for it, and what would be lost if its heteronormative features were eradicated or significantly eroded?<br />
<br />
I have argued (<a href="http://oaktreevicar.blogspot.com.au/2013/05/in-defense-of-marriage-response-to.html" target="_blank">here</a>) that the main reason for the state to intervene in the private domestic relations of people by defining and policing marriage is because the state has an interest in reproduction and the raising of children in optimal conditions. The legal institution of marriage is thus not first and foremost about policing or validating love. Marriage as an institution is primarily for the purpose of generating and preserving the intergenerational relationships which are created when couples reproduce.<br />
<br />
To be sure, traditional marriage does have other valuable functions. For example the prohibition of polygamy in the Western tradition of marriage is a good thing because polygamy contradicts a wide range of women’s rights. In her recent book <i>Man’s Dominion: the rise of religion and the eclipse of women's rights</i>, Sheila Jeffreys, a leading feminist theorist, criticises the current promotion of polygamy in the name of religion, including by many Muslims, some Mormons, some Jews and even some American Christians. (The chapter is headed “A Harem for Every Man?”)<br />
<br />
The full implications of the anti-heteronormativity campaign – of which the marriage equality campaign is but one manifestation — needs to be taken seriously, because the de-heteronormalisation of society is a massive project with far-reaching consequences.<br />
<br />
Consider for example Signorile’s 20-year old desire, referenced above, to get education about homosexuality into schools.<br />
<br />
What are the implications of marriage equality for sex education? When I was a child, sex education at school was mainly about reproduction: how babies are made. Treating sex education as being primarily about reproduction is heteronormative. The queering of marriage will add momentum for sex education to treat same-sex orientations and practices as normal, right down to the early primary years.<br />
<br />
The de-heteronormalising of sex education already appears to be the official policy of the Victorian Department of Education, which states on its <a href="http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/social/physed/pages/forparents.aspx#6" target="_blank">website</a>: “The Department recognizes that sexuality education is only effective for all students when it acknowledges and caters for student sexual diversity.” and “Schools must support and respect sexuality diversity including same sex attraction” (<a href="http://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/principals/spag/curriculum/pages/health.aspx" target="_blank">here</a>).<br />
<br />
Of course the educational implications or de-normalizing heterosexuality are not just about sex education. In California the <a href="http://www.thenewamerican.com/culture/education/item/383-state-mandated-sexual-brainwashing-begins-in-california-schools" target="_blank">Fair, Accurate, Inclusive and Respectful (FAIR) Education Act</a> (2011) adds LGBT people to the minority groups which schools are required to portray positively. Schools are prohibited from promoting a ‘discrimnatory bias’ on the basis of sexual orientation. <br />
<br />
Such criteria will, for example, require school libraries to change early learner student readers, to ensure young children are not conditioned by a heteronormative bias. Alongside tales of princes finding their princess there will need to be readers about princes finding their prince, and princesses their princess. Moreover it is not far-fetched to suggest that under the FAIR regime teachers will be prohibited from admiring or promoting the nuclear family as a preferred model for society, because the institution of the family itself is biased in favour of a heterosexual orientation. It will therefore be necessary for teachers to completely redefine concepts such as ‘family’ and ‘marriage’ to conform to the FAIR act.<br />
<br />
There are also freedom of religion implications. Belief in hetero marriage and the nuclear family is inherent to many people’s religious beliefs and conscience. Compelling teachers to combat heteronormativity will go against the consciences of many. One of the objections to the same-sex marriage bill currently making its way through British Parliament is the fear that young people will be discouraged from pursuing careers — such as teaching, counselling, medicine or the public service — which will compel them to renounce heteronormativity as a matter of public policy. <br />
<br />
The Catholic Archbishop of Southwark, Peter Smith, recently <a href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-teachers-doctors-to-suffer-discrimination-if-uk-passes-gay-marriage-say-church-leaders-96258/" target="_blank">stated</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“If the Bill passes into law without much clearer protections for freedom of speech and freedom of belief, teachers, and public sector workers will have to choose between their conscience and their career; many will be deterred from a public service career and from charity involvement.”</blockquote>
An unnamed senior UK education official warned in January that primary school teachers <a href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-teachers-doctors-to-suffer-discrimination-if-uk-passes-gay-marriage-say-church-leaders-96258/" target="_blank">could risk losing their job</a> if they refuse to teach about gay marriage. <br />
<br />
There are already several cases in the UK where Christians with traditional views on sexuality have been sacked, or been forced to withdraw from the workforce. Christian parents have also been refused the right to foster children because of their faith-based sexual ethics. (See several cases reported <a href="http://www.christianconcern.com/cases" target="_blank">here</a>). <br />
<br />
<b>The core driving force behind the redefinition of marriage is the project to eliminate all bias which favours heterosexual norms in every area of society. </b> To achieve this goal, it seems to be necessary to de-heteronormalize marriage. Marriage equality can be rightly seen as a staging post which will give momentum to coercive processes across a wide range of areas of life. Because marriage is an institution policed by the state, cleansing it of its heteronormative bias in law will give coercive leverage to the de-heteronormalisation project across many areas of life.<br />
<br />
Of course the whole project may be utopian, because it flies in the face of the the fact that almost 100% of cohabiting couples are heterosexual, and an overwhelming number of children are raised in heterosexual households. However the fact that it is utopian – and ultimately unachievable – does not mean it cannot do considerable damage to social institutions which are heteronormative for good reasons. Such as marriage and the family.<br />
<br />
The marriage equality campaign is not in the end about affirming the ‘equality’ of gay and lesbian love. Rather it is about the project of denormalizing the traditional heterosexual orientation of the nuclear family. The key question to be asked is whether the potential gains which many LGBTI people hope will flow to them from this grand project will outweigh the potential costs to society of denormalising heterosexual marriage and the traditional nuclear family.<br />
<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-987734333551478420.post-50089280751084562572013-05-29T01:41:00.001+10:002013-09-03T22:25:38.246+10:00In Defense of Marriage: a response to Kevin RuddI was intrigued to read of <a href="http://www.australianmarriageequality.com/wp/2013/05/20/church-and-state-are-able-to-have-different-positions-on-marriage-equality/" target="_blank">Kevin Rudd's change of heart on gay marriage</a> last week. He now supports changing the legal definition of marriage to encompass same-sex relationships. Whereas in 2008 Rudd championed the removal of all other forms of discrimination against same-sex couples, he now believes Australia should go all the way to equalize same-sex relations, right down to and including the fundamental building block of the family, marriage itself.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
I have no problem whatsoever with the title of Rudd’s piece: “Church and State are able to have different positions on same sex marriage”. Of course the church and state can have different positions on just about anything they choose. The key issue is not whether church and state can disagree, but whether it is in society’s interests for the state to change the time-honoured definition of marriage.<br />
<br />
The institution of marriage as a life-long union between a man and a woman to the exclusion of others was not invented by the state, nor by the church. It was sustained by communities over centuries as a means by which they could regulate the bringing up of children, their socialization and integration into society. It was developed as the fundamental way a society perpetuates itself. By defining inter-generational family relationships, marriage establishes a social context for couples to take upon themselves the demanding and risky commitments involved in conceiving, bearing and rearing children. Marriage is at its core an institution designed for the rearing of children, and to enable a society to replicate itself. This means that at its heart marriage is not about romance. It is not in essence about two people loving each other. It is about rearing children arising from the sexual union of a man and a woman, in the context of the inter-generational communities we call ‘families’.<br />
<br />
It follows that the ‘equality’ of same-sex love should be irrelevant to the same-sex marriage debate.
Marriage does not exist to demonstrate the superiority or acceptability
of one kind of love over another. It was created to enable societies to reproduce
themselves. <br />
<br />
It is fundamental that the core elements in <a href="http://stmarysvicar.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/on-defining-marriage.html" target="_blank">the legal definition of marriage in Australian law</a> are a codification of this social inheritance. The law did not create the social capital known as ‘marriage’: it merely recognized it. However, even what regulation of marriage we have today is relatively recent: in the Anglosphere the state has been registering marriages for less than 200 years. Before that marriage managed to exist quite well for thousands of years without the interference of the state or rulers.<br />
<br />
Marriage was never something for the state to define in the first place. Atheist libertarian journalist Brendan O'Neill rightly criticizes the current gallop toward gay marriage as an unwarranted intrusion of the state into domestic affairs:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The central problem with the gay marriage agenda is ... that it allows the state to do something that was traditionally considered beyond its purview: to redefine the meaning of marriage and, by extension, the meaning of the marital home, the family, and our most intimate relationships. Some have sought to depict the drive for gay marriage as a continuation of the struggle for civil rights that exploded in the mid-twentieth century; it’s better understood as a continuation, and intensification, of the modern state’s desire to get a foot in the door of our private lives and to assume sovereignty over our relationships. (<a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/site/article/13164/" target="_blank"><i>The iron fist in the velvet glove of gay marriage</i></a>).</blockquote>
In several respects Rudd’s arguments were disappointing.<br />
<br />
Rudd is plain wrong when he attributes changes in Christian views about slavery and other ethical issues to unreasoning ‘literalistic’ decontextualized interpretations of scripture giving way to more contextualized contemporary readings. This view of ethical progress is a cliché: it may sound plausible, but the facts do not match up. As it happens, the Christians who supported slavery on Biblical grounds were no more literal in their appeal to scripture than those who opposed it. The American writer Thornton Stringfellow, who published a tract in support of slavery in 1856, <i>Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery</i>, mounted an elaborate argument which involved a highly contextualised reference to the social conditions applying in the Roman Empire at the time of the New Testament. The theological struggle over slavery was fought between two contextual readings of the scriptures. The fact that the anti-slavery position proved to be more compelling was <b>not </b>because it was based on less literal readings of sacred writ. <br />
<br />
Rudd also asserts that a ‘certain proportion’ of the community is ‘born gay’, and this has been a certain, ‘relatively uncontested’ scientific fact since the post-war period. Which percentage was that? Alfred Kinsey found that 11.6% of American males were bisexual between the ages of 20-35 and 10% of American males were "more or less exclusively homosexual" for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. However a recent large survey of Australian men found that 1.6% identified as homosexual and 0.9% as bisexual. <br />
<br />
Although Rudd commenced his essay commenting on how Christian ethical positions are subject to change, he does not actually address any Christian objections to gay marriage in his statement, nor does he explain how his faith shaped his personal ethical position on the subject. For example he does not explain how his reading of the Bible has informed his views on gay marriage, and what he reveals as his last-ditch remaining objection to gay marriage was not a theological objection. This was his concern was for the well-being of children, namely the “unforeseen consequences for children who would be brought up by parents in a same sex married relationship... The care, nurture and protection of children in loving relationships must be our fundamental concern.”<br />
<br />
Sweeping aside this last objection, Rudd asserts that there is no evidence children brought up by people in same sex relationship suffer disadvantage. He relies upon the US National Longitudinal Survey, as well as policy statements issued by the Australian Medical Association, the American Medical Association, the
American Academy of Paediatrics and the American Psychological
Association all of which Rudd claims ‘acknowledge’, after ‘30 years of research’ that same-sex parented families ‘do not compromise children’s development’. In fact all these position statements go back to the findings of the APA in 2005.<br />
<br />
Rudd is correct that medical elites, such as the AMA, have come out in support of same-sex unions, repeating the APA’s 2005 claim that they have no negative impact on children’s development.<br />
<br />
However since the issue of same-sex parenting is so ideologically charged, this should give one pause before blindly accepted any research on the subject. As a social sciences researcher I am keenly aware what a powerful effect ideology can have research and just how much research outcomes can be distorted and manipulated, even unwittingly, to conform to researchers’ prejudices. All too often people find what they go looking for. It therefore seems hard to credit that Rudd was unaware of two recent articles published in <i>Social Science Research</i> in 2012, which have attracted enormous media attention. <br />
<br />
One was by Loren Marks, who evaluated the 59 studies of gay and lesbian parents and their children cited by the APA in their endorsement of same-sex parenting: ‘Same-sex parenting and children’s outcomes: A closer examination of the American Psychological Association’s brief on lesbian and gay parenting.’ Marks found that most of these studies were ‘advocacy research’, lacking adequate samples. Here is <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000580" target="_blank">the abstract</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“In 2005, the American Psychological Association (APA) issued an official
brief on lesbian and gay parenting. This brief included the assertion:
“Not a single study has found children of lesbian or gay parents to be
disadvantaged in any significant respect relative to children of
heterosexual parents” (p. 15). The present article closely examines this
assertion and the 59 published studies cited by the APA to support it.
Seven central questions address: (1) homogeneous sampling, (2) absence
of comparison groups, (3) comparison group characteristics, (4)
contradictory data, (5) the limited scope of children’s outcomes
studied, (6) paucity of long-term outcome data, and (7) lack of
APA-urged statistical power. The conclusion is that strong assertions,
including those made by the APA, were not empirically warranted.
Recommendations for future research are offered.”</blockquote>
And a summary of Marks’ highlights:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“A 26 of 59 APA studies on same-sex parenting had no heterosexual comparison groups. <br />
• In comparison studies, single mothers were often used as the hetero comparison group. <br />
• No comparison study had the statistical power required to detect a small effect size. <br />
• Definitive claims were not substantiated by the 59 published studies.”</blockquote>
How could the APA have got it so wrong? <a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/site/article/13164/" target="_blank">As O‘Neill has explained</a>, the issue of same-sex marriage is being pushed upon
communities by elites for ideological reasons, one of which being that it enables them:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“... to
pose as enlightened and cosmopolitan, as bravely willing to to enact
‘civilising measures’, in contrast with the bigots who make up the more
traditional, religious or lumpen sections of society. As one observer
said yesterday, gay marriage has become a ‘red line’ in politics,
determining one’s goodness or badness. Supporting gay marriage has
become a key cultural signifier, primarily of moral rectitude, among
everyone from politicians to the media classes to bankers: that is,
members of an elite who have increasingly few opportunities for moral
posturing in these relativistic times.” </blockquote>
Even the cleverest experts may overlook the poor quality of research if the results align with their prejudices and help them feel good about themselves.<br />
<br />
Another <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000610" target="_blank">major study</a>, published in the same edition of <i>Social Science Research</i>, was by Mark Regnerus. Summarising his research in <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/06/gay_parents_are_they_really_no_different_.html" target="_blank">Slate</a>, Regnerus reported:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
On 25 of 40 different outcomes evaluated, the children of women who’ve
had same-sex relationships fare quite differently than those in stable,
biologically-intact mom-and-pop families, displaying numbers more
comparable to those from heterosexual stepfamilies and single parents.
Even after including controls for age, race, gender, and things like
being bullied as a youth, or the gay-friendliness of the state in which
they live, such respondents were more apt to report being unemployed,
less healthy, more depressed, more likely to have cheated on a spouse or
partner, smoke more pot, had trouble with the law, report more male and
female sex partners, more sexual victimization, and were more likely to
reflect negatively on their childhood family life, among other things. ... One notable theme among the adult
children of same-sex parents ... is household instability, and
plenty of it. </blockquote>
Of course Regnerus has had his critics! This is a bitterly contested area of research, and the pushback to his work has been intense. But the question cries out to be asked: why was Rudd oblivious of this highly significant debate going on in the marketplace of ideas? Why was he content to rely on old APA claims which are, at best suspect and at worst propaganda?<br />
<br />
Rudd also <a href="http://www.kevinruddmp.com/2013/05/church-and-state-are-able-to-have.html" target="_blank">invokes his own experience</a> of being raised in a single-parent family:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Finally, as someone who was raised for the most important part of his childhood by a single mum, I don’t buy the argument that I was somehow developmentally challenged because I didn’t happen to have a father. The loving nurture of children is a more complex business than that.”</blockquote>
This is an emotional argument from experience, and one can admire Kevin Rudd’s achievements. But if research has taught us anything about parenting outcomes for children, it is that children do better when they are parented by both their own biological parents and they do worse in step families and single parent families, Kevin Rudd’s personal experience notwithstanding. Indeed, it is precisely because children at are risk of poorer developmental outcomes in single-parented families that the maximum Australian social security payments to single parents carry a 50% premium compared to parenting payments for couples. Just about everyone, Rudd’s own government included, accepts that single parented families are vulnerable and so they deserve the extra help. <br />
<br />
Rudd also notes the erosion of the stability of heterosexual marriages in ‘modern Australia’ society, pointing out that 40% of marriages end in divorce. Yet if the same-sex marriages advocates have their way, the state’s meddling with the definition of marriage will do nothing to halt this decline. On the contrary, as <a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/site/article/13164/" target="_blank">O’Neill explains</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The state’s determination to interfere in marriage and re-determine its content and import and relationships reveals what is really motoring the gay marriage issue - not a desire to complete the drive for civil rights that kicked off 50 years ago, but rather a thirst for further expanding state authority over our private lives and relationships. In this sense, the Tories’ [David Cameron’s government’s] seemingly strange interest in an issue like gay marriage is in fact entirely in keeping with their, and the broader political elite’s, powerful instinct to meddle in and micromanage the worlds of parenting, the home, family, domestic relationships and inter-generational interaction today. ‘Gay marriage’ is merely a radical gloss attached to the continuing encroachment of the state upon our private, intimate lives. If unquestioned, and unquestionable, conventions make you uncomfortable, especially those forged by the elite above the heads and the alleged prejudices of the public with the aim of increasing the power of the state over communities, then you too should be freaked out by gay marriage.”</blockquote>
As O‘Neill argues in <a href="http://www.spiked-online.com/site/article/13518/" target="_blank">a later essay</a>, the same-sex marriage campaign is being erected on rubble of the disintegration of traditional marriage:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The fragility of society’s attachment to traditional marriage itself, to the virtue of commitment, has also been key to the formulation of the gay-marriage consensus. Indeed, it is the rubble upon which the gay-marriage edifice is built. That is, if lawyers, politicians and our other assorted ‘betters’ have successfully kicked down the door of traditional marriage, it’s because the door was already hanging off its hinges, following years of cultural neglect. It is society’s reluctance to defend traditional views of commitment, and its relativistic refusal more broadly to discriminate between different lifestyle choices, that has fuelled the peculiar non-judgmental tyranny of the gay-marriage campaign, which judges harshly those who dare to judge how people live. </blockquote>
Some, but of course not all Christians oppose same-sex marriage. Many cite theological reasons for their views. But there is a deeper reason why people of faith distrust the elites’ push to redefine marriage, and this is that religious couples on average have more children and prioritize family over other ways to pursue happiness. A 2006 Max Plank Institute research project produced the following correlations of family size with religious attendance. The more children people have, the more religious they are:<br />
<img alt="" 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" /><br />
This data is taken from David Goldman’s important forthcoming review of two books on demography and secularization in the <i>Claremont Review of Books</i>.[*] Goldman also references a University of Chicago study of the correlation of faith with family size, which found that in the United States:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“• One of three families with no children says it is ‘not religious.’ The proportion falls to just one out of eight among families with four children.<br />
• Among American families with no children, 41% say grace before meals. But 62% of families with four children say grace, and 86% of families with eight or more children.<br />
• 45% of Americans with no children “strongly disagree” that there is a “God who watches over me.” But 80% of adults with four children “strongly agree” with this belief.<br />
• Half of families that never take part in religious activities have no children, but only a third of families with three children do not practice a religion.”[*]</blockquote>
Goldman has repeatedly pointed out the world-wide correlation between faith and fertility. For example the plummeting of the birth rate in Iran has gone hand in hand with disillusionment about Islam in the wake of the Islamic revolution. Today the most secular nations are often the ones with the lowest birth rates, and they are also the societies most at risk of annihilating themselves and their cultures through failing to reproduce. Along the way to extinction, these nations will experience a catastrophic collapse in their social security safety nets. Goldman observes of the United States, even though it has a higher birthrate than many western nations, that “in 1960, five workers paid Social Security taxes for every one collecting benefits. By 2034 the number will fall to only two taxpayers for every beneficiary.”[*]<br />
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Since just about all research measures indicate that religious people tend to have more children — often at considerable personal opportunity cost — it is unsurprising that they tend to view marriage and the family through the lens of child-rearing rather than romantic attachment. It is possible that the core of the remaining resistance to gay marriage among people of faith comes, not because they wish to deny same-sex attracted people relational happiness, but because their instinct is to safeguard the time-honored core understanding of marriage as a social construct to foster the rearing of children by their biological parents. They sense that marriage is not necessary for people to love each other, but it is essential to support and guide couples as they raise their own children. <br />
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[*] ‘Pregnant Pause’, book review by David Goldman of <i>What to Expect When No One’s Expecting: America’s Coming Demographic Disaster,</i> by Jonathan V. Last. and <i>How the West Really Lost God: A New Theory of Secularization</i>, by Mary Eberstadt. Claremont Review of Books, XIII, Number 2, Spring 2013.<br />
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<br />Mark Duriehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18024979657079255161noreply@blogger.com3